Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the green hydrogen industry Core Insights - Green hydrogen is essential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and requires policy support for its deployment and development [14][15] - Auctions are emerging as a competitive public procurement tool to promote green hydrogen production, offering long-term revenue certainty and enabling price discovery [16][17] - The report emphasizes the need for tailored auction designs to avoid negative repercussions such as reduced competition and project realization [17][18] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Green hydrogen will significantly contribute to decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, but its development necessitates policy support [14] - Auctions can be a viable mechanism for promoting green hydrogen production while minimizing public expenditure [16] Section 2: Green Hydrogen - Status, Barriers, and Support Instruments - Hydrogen production is currently dominated by fossil fuels, with only 0.7% of global production being green or blue hydrogen [48] - Major barriers to green hydrogen uptake include technological, economic, institutional, and social challenges [54][56] - The production costs of green hydrogen are estimated to be three to six times higher than grey hydrogen, necessitating competitive procurement mechanisms to enhance cost-competitiveness [57][58] Section 3: Auctions to Support Green Hydrogen Development - Different types of auctions can be employed, including supply-side, demand-side, double-sided, and joint auctions [18][19][20] - Supply-side auctions focus on scaling up electrolyser capacity and green hydrogen production, while demand-side auctions incentivize hydrogen imports [19][20] - The design of auctions should align with national green hydrogen strategies to achieve defined policy objectives [22][23] Section 4: Design Elements of Auctions - Auction designs should consider various factors, including technology neutrality, local content requirements, and environmental sustainability [24][30] - Addressing challenges related to system integration and hydrogen transport is crucial for successful auction implementation [28][60] - Auctions should be part of a broader policy mix to ensure effective coordination and attract private investment [32][33]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the decentralised solar PV sector Core Insights - Decentralised solar PV systems are crucial for providing clean, reliable, and affordable energy to underserved communities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where 685 million people lacked access to electricity in 2022, an increase of 10 million from 2021 [15][23] - The sector employed approximately 307,000 people in 2023 across Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, with women making up 40% of the global solar PV workforce [16][52] - The report emphasizes the need for gender inclusion in the decentralised renewable energy sector to harness women's potential as agents of change and to drive socio-economic development [21][22] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report highlights the role of decentralised renewable energy (DRE) technologies, particularly solar PV, in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) by providing energy access to remote communities [23][24] Decentralised Solar PV: Jobs, Skills, and the Role of Women in the Workforce - Employment in the DRE sector has significantly increased, with the renewable energy sector reaching 16.2 million jobs globally in 2023, an 18% increase from 2022 [33] - The decentralised solar PV sector is labour-intensive, creating local jobs and business opportunities, especially in rural areas [34][55] Women in the Decentralised Solar PV Workforce - Women hold 38% of jobs in Africa's solar PV sector, with participation rates varying by country: 41% in Kenya, 37% in Ethiopia, 35% in Nigeria, and 28% in Uganda [58][61] - The report identifies barriers to women's participation, including societal constraints, lack of access to education, and gendered workplace barriers [20][67] Women and Entrepreneurship in the Decentralised Solar PV Sector - Decentralised solar PV systems are transforming the entrepreneurial landscape, enabling women to establish businesses that were previously constrained by limited energy access [69][70] - Successful female-led initiatives in the DRE sector demonstrate the potential for women's entrepreneurship to drive sustainable energy access and foster inclusive development [72][74]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the renewable energy sector Core Insights - The renewable energy sector employed 16.2 million people globally in 2023, a significant increase from 13.7 million in 2022, with China accounting for 7.4 million jobs, or 46% of the total [18][19] - The report emphasizes the importance of a skilled workforce for the energy transition, highlighting the need for education and training to support job creation and ensure a just transition [9][34] - The report identifies that the global renewable electricity capacity reached 3,865 GW in 2023, marking a 14% increase from 2022, with solar PV leading the growth [23][30] Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Renewable Energy Employment Worldwide and by Technology - Solar photovoltaic (PV) jobs reached 7.1 million in 2023, representing 44% of the global renewable energy workforce, with China dominating the sector [18][52] - Wind power employed 1.5 million people in 2023, with China leading at 745,000 jobs [19][59] - Hydropower jobs totaled 2.3 million in 2023, reflecting a 4% decrease from the previous year due to slower capacity additions [18][62] - Liquid biofuels accounted for 2.8 million jobs, primarily in the agricultural supply chain, with Brazil having the largest number of jobs at 994,000 [18][65] Chapter 2: Renewable Energy Jobs in Selected Countries - China, Brazil, the United States, and India are highlighted as key countries in renewable energy job creation, with China leading significantly [18][36] - The report provides insights into the employment landscape in these countries, emphasizing the need for policies that support job growth in the renewable sector [36] Chapter 3: Skills for a Just Energy Transition - Skills development is identified as a crucial enabler for a just transition, with a focus on enhancing education and training for new entrants and reskilling existing workers [9][34] - The report stresses the importance of diversity in the workforce, advocating for opportunities for women, youth, and marginalized groups [9][20] Chapter 4: The Importance of a People- and Planet-Centered Energy Transition - The report concludes with observations on balancing economic, environmental, and social sustainability in the energy transition [10][34] - It highlights the need for international collaboration to ensure that socio-economic benefits, such as job creation, are widely shared [35][36]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the need for substantial investments in renewable energy, estimating that USD 150 trillion is required to finance the energy transition compatible with the 1.5°C pathway by 2050 [17][39]. Core Insights - The report highlights Brazil's success in attracting private investment and deploying renewable energy, showcasing a well-established energy planning and finance strategy [19][21]. - It underscores the importance of collaboration between development banks and energy planning institutions to de-risk clean energy projects and enhance investment opportunities [19][24]. - The report advocates for innovative financing mechanisms, such as blended finance and green bonds, to attract private capital to emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) [24][66]. Summary by Sections Key Messages - The scale, pace, and distribution of investment required for the global energy transition are substantial yet achievable with strong engagement from the private sector [24]. - Investment opportunities are expected to rise in EMDEs, where the challenge of meeting rapid energy demand growth in a low greenhouse gas emission future remains significant [24]. - Public sector efforts should focus on widening financing approaches and exploring innovative instruments to scale up renewable energy investments in EMDEs [24]. Introduction - Renewable energy investments have seen positive trends due to cost reductions and policy incentives, contributing to GDP growth and job creation [26][27]. - The transition to renewable energy is becoming increasingly attractive as fossil fuel investments face uncertainty due to climate strategies and green recovery plans [27][28]. The Global Context of Financing Renewable Energy - Significant investments are required to support the shift towards renewable energy, with a focus on addressing the investment shortfall in decentralized projects and less attractive markets [66][69]. - The reliance on debt financing supported by power purchase agreements (PPAs) is increasing, while equity financing remains crucial for less mature technologies [66][69]. The Brazilian Case - Brazil's energy planning and regulatory reforms have facilitated the integration of renewable energy sources, with power auctions playing a pivotal role in developing renewable capacity [42][43]. - The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) has been instrumental in providing long-term financial conditions and reducing uncertainties for investors [44][45]. Lessons Learned from the Brazilian Experience - Effective energy planning and collaboration between financial institutions and energy planners are crucial for promoting renewable energy [55][56]. - The importance of creating a conducive environment for renewable energy projects through strategic alignment and innovation is emphasized [57][58].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The electrification of road transport is essential for achieving IRENA's 1.5°C Scenario, requiring the global stock of passenger EVs to grow from approximately 44 million in 2023 to 359 million by 2030 [15] - EV battery production capacity is projected to grow significantly, with a planned capacity of 7,300 GWh/year by 2030, exceeding the anticipated demand of 4,300 GWh/year [16] - Demand for critical materials such as lithium, cobalt, graphite, and nickel is expected to increase substantially, with lithium demand potentially quadrupling from 2023 to 2030 [17] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The report emphasizes the need for critical materials to support the decarbonization of energy systems, highlighting that while resources exist, rapid production scaling is necessary to meet short to medium-term demand [39] 2. Demand–Supply Prospects for EV Battery Materials 2.1 The Role of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the Energy Transition - EVs are projected to dominate passenger vehicle sales by 2030, playing a crucial role in the energy transition [15] 2.2 Demand for EV Battery Materials - Significant increases in demand for materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are anticipated, driven by the growth in EV production [17] 2.3 Supply of EV Battery Materials - The report indicates that while resource availability is not a long-term constraint, immediate efforts are needed to scale up production to meet growing demand [18] 3. Key Considerations for Policy Makers 3.1 Results and Conclusions - The analysis suggests that innovations in battery technology and material substitution can alleviate some supply pressures, particularly for cobalt and nickel [31] 3.2 Recommendations for Policy Makers - Governments are encouraged to support innovation in battery technologies and facilitate the expansion of supply chains to ensure a reliable supply of critical materials [35][36]

FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY MALI ZONING ASSESSMENT | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------------------|-------|-------|-------|------------|-------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INVESTMENT | | | | | | | | | | | FOR UTILITY-SCALE | | | | | | | | | | | SOLAR AND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WIND AREAS | | | --- | --- | |-------|---------------------------------------------------------- ...

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巴拿马能源行业 气候变化适应 挑战 © IRENA 2024 除非另有说明，否则本出版物中的材料可以自由使用、共享、复制、复制、印刷和 / 或存储，前提是 IRENA 作为来源和版权持有人给予适当的确认。本出版物 中属于第三方的材料可能受单独的使用条款和限制的约束，在使用此类材料之前，可能需要获得这些第三方的适当许可。 ISBN ： 978 - 92 - 9260 - 610 - 7 引文:IRENA (2024),巴拿马能源部门 ： 适应气候变化的挑战国际可再生能源署 ， 阿布扎比。 关于 IRENA 国际可再生能源机构 （ IRENA ） 是国际合作的主要平台 ； 卓越中心 ； 政策，技术，资源和金融知识的存储库 ； 以及推动全球能源系统 转型的实地行动的驱动力。IRENA 成立于 2011 年，是一个全球性政府间组织，致力于广泛采用和可持续利用各种形式的可再生能源，包括 生物能源和地热、水电、海洋、太阳能和风能，以追求可持续发展、能源获取、能源安全以及低碳经济增长和繁荣。www.艾丽娜. Acknowledgements 本报告是在 G ü rb ü zGon ü l （ IRENA 国家参与和伙伴关系 ...

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