公开披露授权 ZAMBIA 对获取正义和替代性纠纷解决 系统的评估 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 世界银行的治理与制度总项目得到了 ZAMBIA 对获取正义和替代性纠纷解决系统的评 估 世界银行的治理与制度总项目得到了 赞比亚司法部门改革支持项目（P180159） © 2025 世界银行 1818 H 街西北区, 华盛顿特区 DC 2043 3 电话: 202-473-1000; 互联网: www.worldbank.org 版权所有 这项工作是世界银行的产物。本项工作中表达的观点、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行执行董事的观点或他 们所代表政府的观点。 世界银行不保证本作品中包含的数据的准确性、完整性或时效性，也不对信息中出现的任何错误、遗漏或差 异承担任何责任，或对使用或未能使用所提供的信息、方法、流程或结论承担责任。作品中显示的边界、颜 色、面值、链接/脚注和其他信息并不代表世界银行对任何领土的法律地位或对相关边界的认可或接受。引用 其他作者的作品并不意味着世界银行认可这些作者的观点或其作品的内容。 本报告中任何内容均不构成或不得解释为对世界银行的特权和豁免权构成限制或放弃，所有这些特权和豁免 权均特此保留。 ...

2025年前三个月的财政收入达到年度国家预算的36.7%。 与2024年同期31.7%相比，由于增值税和企业 所得税征收增加，公共投资拨付率自2025年3月底放缓至总理年度计划的9.5%，低于去年同期的12.3%执 行率。 越南宏观监测 2025年4月 WHAT' NEW? • • GDP增长在2025年第一季度加速至6.9%（同比）。 ，较2024年第一季度同比增长5.9%，得益于国内消 费和投资的增长。 商品出口在2025年第一季度放缓至10.6%，而2024年同期为16.8%。 ，由高额的基数效应和全球需求潜 在的放缓共同推动。 1 此外，虽然外商直接投资新承诺在2025年第一季度同比减少了9.2%，反映了不确定的前景，但外商直接投 资支出保持弹性，在2025年第一季度达到49亿美元（同比增长7.1%，与2024年第一季度相似）。 • 工业生产同比2025年3月增长8.6%。 与2024年3月的同比增长4.8%相比，服装、电子产品和机械设备的 推动下有所增长。采购经理人指数在经过三个月的收缩后于3月份进入扩张区域（50.5），受新订单增长的 推动，尽管存在高度不确定性。 • 商品和服务零售总额同比上涨1 ...

良好实践 增强土地 权利确认 IN FORESTLANDS OF THE EAST ASIA AND 太平洋地区 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 © 2025 国际复兴开发银行 / 世界银行 1818 H Street NW Washin gton DC 20433 电话：202 -473-1000 互联网： www. worldbank.org 这项工作是由世界银行的工作人员与外部合作者共同完成的。作品中表达的观点、解释和结论不一定反 映世界银行、其执行董事会或他们所代表政府的观点。 世界银行不保证本作品中包含的数据的准确性、完整性或时效性，也不对任何信息中的错误、遗漏或差异 ，或对使用或未使用所提供的信息、方法、程序或结论的责任，以及因使用或未使用所提供的信息、方法 、程序或结论而产生的责任承担任何责任。本作品中任何地图上显示的国界、颜色、名称和其他信息并不 意味着世界银行对任何领土的法律地位或对相关国界的认可或接受。 此处所载任何内容均不构成或不应被视为对世界银行特权与豁免权的限制或放弃，所有这些特权与豁 免权均予保留。 权利与许可 本文中的内容受版权保护。因为世界银行鼓励传播其 ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 11108 Host Environments and Welfare of In-Camp Refugees Evidence from Ethiopia Takaaki Masaki Nitsuh Mengist Nega Christina Wieser Poverty and Equity Global Department April 2025 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 11108 Abstract This paper examines welfare disparities between in-camp refugees and host com- munities in Ethiopia, using data from the 2023 Socio-Economic S ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry discussed Core Insights - Ethiopia has increased paid maternity leave from 90 to 120 days and introduced three days of paid paternity leave in 2019, reflecting a significant reform in parental leave policies [1][16][24] - The report emphasizes the importance of job-protected leave for both parents, which is critical for health, economic, and social development outcomes [1][5] - Ethiopia's experience serves as a potential model for other countries aiming to enhance their parental leave policies [5][24] Summary by Sections Maternity and Paternity Leave Policies - In 2019, Ethiopia's Labor Proclamation No. 1156/2019 established 120 days of maternity leave and three days of paternity leave for private sector workers [16][24] - The average global maternity leave is only 14 weeks, with Sub-Saharan Africa having a lower percentage of countries with such policies [5][12] Socioeconomic Context - Ethiopia's rapid economic growth, with an average annual growth rate of 9.5% over the past 15 years, has influenced labor reform demands [18][19] - The political transition in Ethiopia created a conducive environment for comprehensive legal reform, including labor laws [23][24] Stakeholder Engagement - The reform process involved tripartite negotiations among the Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions, Ethiopian Employers' Federation, and the government, highlighting the role of social dialogue [25][26] - Trade unions played a crucial role in advocating for extended maternity leave and the introduction of paternity leave, emphasizing equal treatment for all workers [35][36] Implementation Challenges - The report identifies challenges in disseminating the new Labor Proclamation and ensuring compliance among employers [44][46] - There is a lack of data on the uptake of maternity and paternity leave, which complicates the assessment of the reform's effectiveness [46][48] Lessons Learned - Key lessons from Ethiopia's reform experience include the importance of stakeholder alignment, political transition, and the use of evidence to support policy changes [49][50] - The report suggests that adequate paid leave policies can enhance social welfare and economic performance, countering the notion that they impede foreign investment [49][50]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The physical characteristics of learning spaces significantly impact education quality and student learning outcomes, explaining approximately 16 percent of the variation in student performance for children aged 5 and older [19][44] - Quality early learning environments are essential for children's development, ensuring they feel safe, empowered, and free to learn actively [19][44] - Play-based learning is crucial for young children's knowledge and skills acquisition, emphasizing the need for environments that promote play, exploration, and hands-on learning [20][45] - There is a robust demand from country governments to expand access to quality pre-primary education through infrastructure investments, with 40 percent of the World Bank's education portfolio dedicated to upgrading or introducing new education facilities [23][41] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report highlights the significant impact of physical learning environments on educational outcomes, particularly in early childhood education [19] - It emphasizes the importance of play-based learning and the need for environments that support such educational approaches [20] Introduction - The guidance note aims to assist World Bank teams in supporting governments in designing and building environmentally sustainable pre-primary education facilities that promote quality early education [31] Quality Physical Learning Environments - Quality physical learning environments are linked to improved educational outcomes, with specific characteristics influencing learning [44] - The report identifies five principles for quality early learning spaces: safety, pedagogical organization, spatial flexibility, empowerment, and child-centered design [44] Play-based Approach - Play is a fundamental method for young children to gain knowledge and skills, with various forms of play contributing to cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development [45] - The report discusses the importance of well-planned play environments, such as corner play, in enhancing child development [45] Environmentally Sustainable Educational Infrastructure - The report outlines the need for environmentally sustainable infrastructure in education, linking it to climate resilience and reduced greenhouse gas emissions [50][52] - It emphasizes the importance of integrating green design practices in educational infrastructure projects to create healthier environments and conserve natural resources [51] The Role of Key Stakeholders - Key stakeholders in World Bank projects include government entities, communities, and experts in relevant fields, all of whom play a role in the planning and implementation of pre-primary education infrastructure [55][56] Preparation and Planning - The preparation phase involves assessing the need for early childhood care and education (ECCE) facilities, determining scope and costs, and establishing criteria for site selection [25][26] - A design brief is prepared to guide architects and designers, ensuring alignment with educational and environmental goals [70] Design - The design phase focuses on developing standards and criteria for pre-primary facilities, considering safety, accessibility, and environmental sustainability [71] Construction - The construction phase includes preparing bid packages and selecting contractors, with an emphasis on environmentally efficient practices [72] Operations and Maintenance - Sustainability of educational facilities relies on proper maintenance and usage, with a focus on planning and budgeting for ongoing operations [73]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under review. Core Insights - The primary obstacles faced by firms in the EU27 are an "inadequately educated workforce" and "tax rates," with the former cited in 99 out of 186 NUTS2 regions and the latter in 51 regions, indicating that nearly 74% of regions identify one of these two issues as their top concern [21][23][28] - Economic disparities within the EU27 are more pronounced at the sub-national level than at the country level, with the highest-income NUTS2 regions earning 2.7 times more than the lowest-income regions, compared to a 2.4 times difference at the country level [2][3] - The European Union has implemented targeted funds to promote regional convergence, but the success of these initiatives has been uneven, and the pace of convergence has slowed in recent years [4][8] Summary by Sections Business Environment Assessment - The World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) provide a comprehensive view of the business environment across the EU27, with nearly 19,000 interviews conducted with business leaders from 2018 to 2022 [11][13] - The surveys reveal that firms' perceptions of obstacles are critical for understanding the business environment, with a focus on the top obstacles identified by firms [21][22] Regional Disparities - The report highlights significant income disparities among sub-national regions, with poorer regions more likely to cite tax rates as their primary obstacle, while wealthier regions focus on workforce education [28][31] - The analysis indicates that country-level factors play a more significant role in determining firms' perceptions of obstacles than regional characteristics [31][32] Firm-Level Analysis - More productive firms are less likely to report workforce education or tax rates as their top obstacles, suggesting that productivity may mitigate the impact of these issues [37][39] - Larger firms tend to report an inadequately educated workforce as a top obstacle but are less likely to cite tax rates, indicating a complex relationship between firm size, productivity, and perceived obstacles [37][40] Future Research Directions - The report sets the stage for future briefs that will delve deeper into the relationship between firm performance, management practices, and the broader business environment in the EU27 [41][42]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the electricity distribution industry Core Insights - The operations concession model is presented as a viable alternative to full privatization, allowing for private sector efficiencies while retaining government ownership of assets [22][25] - The report emphasizes the importance of private sector participation (PSP) in improving operational performance and addressing challenges faced by state-owned utilities [15][20] - Case studies from Côte d'Ivoire and India illustrate the successful implementation of operations concessions, highlighting the model's adaptability to local contexts [58] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The report discusses the historical context of power sector reforms initiated in the 1990s, aimed at creating commercially viable utilities through restructuring and private sector involvement [13][14] 2. The Operations Concession Model in Electricity Distribution - The operations concession model allows a private concessionaire to manage electricity distribution while the public utility retains ownership and responsibility for power procurement [27] - A comparison of various private sector participation models indicates that operations concessions provide a balanced risk allocation between public and private sectors [40][41] 3. Case Studies: Existing Operations Concessions - Côte d'Ivoire's concession model evolved from a public utility to a private operator, demonstrating the effectiveness of the operations concession in managing electricity distribution [59][60] - India’s input-based distribution franchises serve as another example of successful operations concessions, showcasing the model's flexibility [58] 4. Structuring Options and Parameters for Operations Concessions - Key parameters for structuring operations concessions include setting performance targets, treatment of assets, and regulatory oversight [4][38] - The remuneration model for concessionaires typically includes compensation for operations and maintenance costs, with performance incentives linked to operational improvements [38][72] 5. Limitations and Extensions - The report notes that while operations concessions can improve efficiency, they should be part of a broader reform strategy to address systemic issues in the electricity sector [52][53]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the agricultural sector in Brazil and São Paulo Core Insights - The agricultural sector in Brazil has shown resilience and growth, contributing significantly to GDP despite overall economic slowdowns, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.6% from 2011 to 2020 [35] - Agricultural exports increased by 35.6% in 2022 compared to the previous year, highlighting the sector's importance in the economy [54] - The report emphasizes the need for policies that enhance competitiveness, sustainability, and inclusivity in the agrifood sector [27] Economic Performance of the Agricultural Sector - Brazil's GDP was recorded at 7.6 trillion reais in 2020, with a growth rate of 3.0%, a significant decrease from 12.6% in 2011 [31] - The agricultural sector's value added grew by 39.9% in 2020, indicating its dynamic role in the economy [35] - In 2020, the agricultural sector contributed 5.7% to Brazil's total GDP, an increase of 1.6 percentage points over ten years [37] Evaluation of Agricultural Support in São Paulo (2017-2021) - The report utilizes OECD methodology to assess monetary transfers to agriculture in São Paulo, focusing on Producer Support Estimates (PSE), Consumer Support Estimates (CSE), Total Support Estimates (TSE), and General Service Support Estimates (GSSE) [79] - The analysis covers the impact of state government agricultural policies on producers and consumers, excluding national policies [79] - The PSE for São Paulo includes market price support and budget support, with a focus on key products like orange, soybeans, sugar, beef, and pork [100]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the agricultural sector in Brazil or Santa Catarina Core Insights - The agricultural sector in Brazil has shown resilience during economic downturns, contributing significantly to GDP and food security, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic [28][36] - Santa Catarina's agricultural sector has experienced dynamic growth, with a notable increase in agricultural exports and contributions to the state's economy [75][56] - The report emphasizes the need for public policy reforms to enhance competitiveness, sustainability, and inclusivity in the agrifood sector [31][75] Summary by Sections Economic Performance of the Agricultural Sector - Brazil's GDP growth has slowed, with a recorded GDP of 7.6 trillion reais in 2020, reflecting a 3.0% annual growth rate, down from 12.6% in 2011 [33][34] - The agricultural sector's value added grew by 39.9% in 2020, significantly outperforming other sectors, and contributed 5.7% to the total GDP [36][40] - Santa Catarina contributed 4.6% to Brazil's GDP in 2020, showing an increase from 4.0% in 2011 [44] Evaluation of Support for Agriculture in Santa Catarina - The report evaluates monetary transfers to agriculture in Santa Catarina from 2017 to 2021, using OECD methodologies to estimate Producer Support Estimates (PSE), Consumer Support Estimates (CSE), and Total Support Estimates (TSE) [82][84] - The PSE for Santa Catarina reflects the annual monetary value of transfers to agricultural producers, while the CSE indicates the impact of policies on consumers [85][86] - The TSE quantifies all gross transfers resulting from agricultural support policies, providing insights into the overall support landscape for the sector [88][89] Recommendations - The report suggests reforms aimed at fostering a competitive, green, and resilient agricultural sector in Santa Catarina, highlighting the importance of adapting public policies to current economic realities [31][75]