Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the agricultural sector in Bahia Core Insights - The agricultural sector in Bahia has shown significant growth and resilience, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to food security and economic stability [29][36][76] - The report emphasizes the need for policies that enhance competitiveness, sustainability, and inclusivity in the agrifood sector [29][86] Economic Performance of the Agricultural Sector - Brazil's GDP growth has slowed, with a recorded GDP of 7.6 trillion reais in 2020, reflecting a 3.0% annual growth rate, down from 12.6% in 2011 [33] - The agricultural sector's value added has been dynamic, with a 39.9% annual variation in 2020, contributing 5.7% to Brazil's total GDP [36][38] - Bahia's GDP growth decreased from 7.9% in 2011 to 4.1% in 2020, with the agricultural sector increasing its contribution to the state's economy from 6.9% to 9.2% during the same period [73][79] Evaluation of Support for Agriculture in Bahia (2017-2021) - The report utilizes OECD methodology to assess monetary transfers to agriculture, focusing on Producer Support Estimates (PSE), Consumer Support Estimates (CSE), Total Support Estimates (TSE), and General Service Support Estimates (GSSE) [86][90] - The PSE for Bahia is based on market price support and budget support, with a focus on key products like cocoa, cotton, and soybeans, which represent 47% of the state's agricultural production value [100][109] Summary and Recommendations - The report concludes with recommendations for repurposing public policies to foster a competitive, green, and resilient agricultural sector in Bahia, addressing the impacts of past policies and external factors [29][86]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report introduces the concept of Massive Modular Ecosystems (MMEs) as a framework for understanding the complexity of digital industries, emphasizing the interplay between modular and non-modular governance structures [4][17][49] - It highlights the mobile phone industry as a case study, illustrating how MMEs enable distributed innovation and rapid scaling across interconnected sub-ecosystems [4][19][49] - The report discusses the implications of MMEs for market structure, technological innovation, and global economic geography, noting the risks associated with aggressive policy interventions and the challenges of building self-sufficient domestic industries [4][18][49] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The global economy is transforming due to digitization and modularization, leading to interconnected industries that challenge traditional governance models [17][18] 2. Literature Review - The literature on modularity, global value chains (GVCs), and business ecosystems is reviewed, identifying gaps in understanding the complexity of modern industries [22][41] 3. Toward an Integrated Governance Framework - A unified analytical framework is proposed to capture the layered and nested nature of MMEs, emphasizing the importance of both modular and non-modular governance structures [48][49] 4. The Mobile Phone Industry as a Massive Modular Ecosystem - The mobile phone industry is analyzed to demonstrate the dynamics of MMEs, focusing on subsystem design, production, and distribution [4][19][58] 5. Technology and Innovation, Market Structure, and Geographic Outcomes - The report discusses how MMEs influence technological innovation, market structure, and geographic clustering, highlighting the interdependencies created by modular governance [5][18][20] 6. Discussion - The implications for theory, strategic management, and policy are explored, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of governance structures in complex industries [6][21][30] 7. Conclusion - The report concludes by reiterating the significance of MMEs in navigating the complexities of digital industries and the importance of understanding governance dynamics [21][30]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The economy continues to recover, with growth, fiscal balances, and external buffers exceeding expectations in 2024. However, household incomes, employment, and non-monetary welfare remain well below pre-crisis levels [20] - Medium-term growth is expected to remain modest due to the scarring effects of the crisis, structural impediments to growth, and significant global economic uncertainties [20] - Continued macroeconomic stability and successful implementation of structural reforms are crucial for medium-term growth and poverty reduction [20] Context - The Sri Lankan economy is emerging from its worst post-independence economic crisis, characterized by a sharp economic contraction, high inflation, currency depreciation, and a rapid fall in international reserves [21] - The government implemented a series of reforms to restore macroeconomic stability, including cost-reflective utility pricing, new revenue measures, and prudent monetary policy [23] - Following these reforms, the economy began to stabilize from mid-2023, with positive quarterly GDP growth, easing inflation, and improved public debt-to-GDP ratios [24] Recent Developments - The economy grew by 5 percent in 2024, surpassing the previous projection of 4.4 percent [30] - Growth was driven by a rebound in industry (11 percent y-o-y) and a strong performance in tourism-related services (2.4 percent y-o-y) [32] - Inflation dropped significantly, reaching -4.2 percent y-o-y in February 2025, driven by adjustments in energy prices and subdued household demand [38] Fiscal Performance - The primary balance recorded a surplus of 2.2 percent of GDP, surpassing expectations [73] - Tax revenues increased from 9.9 to 12.4 percent of GDP between 2023 and 2024, primarily driven by VAT collections [77] - The fiscal deficit is estimated to have fallen to 6.8 percent of GDP, limited by a high interest bill amounting to 9 percent of GDP [79] Debt Indicators - The stock of public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) debt is estimated to have fallen from 111.7 percent of GDP at end-2023 to 102.4 percent at end-2024 [85] - Debt restructuring has made significant progress, with bilateral agreements being finalized to restructure US$10 billion of official and Exim Bank of China debt [90] Poverty and Vulnerability - The poverty rate was 24.5 percent in 2024, nearly double what it was in 2019, with household incomes remaining below pre-crisis levels [93] - Malnutrition increased, raising concerns over long-term impacts on human capital formation [94] - Employment and real wages remain below pre-crisis levels, contributing to increased emigration [98] Outlook - Medium-term growth is expected to be modest at around 3.1 percent, with the current account projected to revert to a modest deficit in 2025 [103] - Poverty is expected to decline to 22.7 percent in 2025, but the economic crisis is anticipated to have reversed a decade of poverty reduction [104] - Continued macro stability and successful implementation of structural reforms are critical for growth and poverty reduction [111]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Understanding the heterogeneity of poor households in Pakistan is crucial for identifying pathways out of poverty through targeted policy actions [4][12] - The analysis categorizes the bottom 40th consumption percentile of households (B40) into five distinct groups using non-parametric hierarchical cluster analysis [4][16] - The findings indicate that poverty is not uniform and varies significantly across different groups, necessitating differentiated policy interventions [12][16] Summary by Sections Introduction - Between 2001 and 2018, Pakistan experienced a 60% growth in household real consumption, leading to a decline in poverty from 64.3% to 21.9% [7] - Despite the overall decline in poverty, significant disparities remain across provinces and between urban and rural areas [8][10] Data and Methodology - The analysis utilizes data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) 2018-19, covering 24,809 households [20][22] - A hierarchical clustering method is employed to identify distinct groups within the B40 based on various household characteristics [14][55] Results - Five meaningful clusters among the B40 households are identified: 1. Ultra-poor rural households relying on unskilled sharecropping and public safety nets [16][57] 2. Poor rural households engaged in agriculture as owner-cultivators [16][64] 3. Households in transition between agriculture and service provision [16][64] 4. Urban households with higher education and semi-skilled jobs in industry and services [16][64] 5. Poor households engaged in unskilled daily wage labor in construction and services [16][64] - The asset framework of shared prosperity is used to analyze the characteristics and constraints of each group [62][65] Group Characteristics - Group 1 consists of remote, rural, shock-prone households with low education and asset ownership [73][82] - Group 2 includes rural households involved in on-farm activities, showing better asset ownership and human capital compared to Group 1 [85][92] - Group 3 represents remittance-receiving households with low employment, often missing a working member who has migrated [93][95] - Group 4 comprises urban households with higher education and asset ownership, performing better than the national average [96]

Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure Monitor 2024 Executive summary Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure Monitor 2024 Executive summary 2 About The Infrastructure Monitor report covers global trends in private investment in infrastructure to inform investors, policy-makers and other practitioners. The objective is to deliver global insights on global infrastructure trends across key topics such as investment volumes, performance, blended finance, and ESG drivers, facilitating the monitoring of ...

MALDIVES DEVELOPMENT UPDATE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized April 2025 Public Disclosure Authorized M a l d i v e s D e v e l o p m e n t U p d a t e © [2025] International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the food cold chain industry in Guatemala Core Insights - The agrifood sector in Guatemala is crucial to the economy, contributing 10.2% to economic activities and employing 32% of the active population, but faces significant challenges including low productivity and food insecurity [19][40] - Investment in infrastructure is among the lowest in Latin America, with Guatemala ranking 97th out of 140 economies in infrastructure competitiveness and 134th in road connectivity [20][46] - The cold chain infrastructure is inadequate, leading to substantial post-harvest losses and food safety hazards, with only 30% of dairy products and 75% of poultry products being part of a cold chain [21][47] - There is a promising potential for cold chain implementation in agrifood value chains, particularly in export markets for peas, green beans, and papayas, with opportunities for energy-efficient technologies [25][26] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The agrifood sector faces multi-faceted challenges, including access to finance and declining productivity, particularly among smallholders [19] - Cold chain investments are critical for reducing post-harvest losses and improving food quality and safety [21] - Guatemala's cold chain infrastructure is lagging behind its neighbors, with limited access to cooling facilities and unreliable electricity supply [22][24] Deep Dives in Selected Agrifood Value Chains - The dairy value chain is characterized by a high level of informality, with only 5.7% of producers supplying formal industrial plants, leading to quality and safety issues [66] - In the poultry sector, while 75% of storage is managed within cold chambers, 25% remains unregulated, causing significant losses [47] - Export-oriented vegetable value chains have sophisticated cold chain systems, but initial post-harvest stages often lack refrigeration, leading to quality degradation [47] Policy Recommendations for Cold Chain Development - A National Cooling Action Plan (NCAP) should be created to harmonize existing policies and promote energy-efficient cold chains [33] - Associativity among small and medium farmers should be fostered to improve access to cold chain infrastructure [33] - Public-Private Alliances (PPAs) should be developed to enhance clean energy infrastructure and improve access to technology [33] - Long-term financing for climate-smart agriculture and cold chain investments should be supported through existing public programs [33]

A DIAGNOSTIC OF THE HEALTH TAXES LANDSCAPE IN INDIA D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R O C T O B E R 2 0 2 4 Rijo M. John Edson C. Araujo Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A DIAGNOSTIC OF THE HEALTH TAXES LANDSCAPE IN INDIA Rijo M. John Edson C. Araujo October 2024 Health, Nutrition, and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice of the World Bank. The papers i ...

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the childcare industry Core Insights - Quality childcare is essential for ensuring children's safety, promoting holistic development, and encouraging parental uptake of services [5][12] - The quality of childcare services significantly impacts families' choices and economic activities [5][12] - A robust quality assurance system is necessary, including feasible standards, regular monitoring, and effective data use [5][61] Summary by Sections I. Introduction: Importance of Quality Childcare - Quality childcare is crucial for child safety and development, influencing parental decisions to utilize services [7][12] II. Essential Elements of Quality in Childcare Settings - Quality can be achieved through key principles that are adaptable to various contexts, focusing on both structural and process quality [14][15] - Structural quality includes safe physical environments, adequate adult-to-child ratios, and trained practitioners [16][25] - Process quality emphasizes age-appropriate activities, responsive caregiving, and regular parent interactions [20][30] III. Key Considerations When Visiting Childcare Settings - Safety and structural suitability of the environment should be assessed [35] - Basic needs for food, water, hygiene, and sleep must be met [35] - Practitioners should demonstrate warmth and engage in age-appropriate communication [35] - Availability of materials for hands-on learning is essential [35] - Activities should facilitate play, interaction, and movement [35] IV. Essential System Elements for Quality Improvement - Governments should implement robust quality assurance systems, including realistic standards and monitoring processes [56][61] - Sufficient financing is necessary to support quality childcare and reduce family burdens [63][66] - Workforce development is critical, requiring training opportunities and decent working conditions [62][65]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - South Asian countries face significant fiscal challenges, with average government debt at 77 percent of GDP, compared to 64 percent for EMDEs, leading to high interest payments consuming 26 percent of revenues [8][9] - Tax revenues in South Asia averaged 18 percent of GDP from 2019 to 2023, significantly below the EMDE average of 24 percent, indicating a need for improved tax policy and administration [3][9] - The report identifies tax revenue shortfalls of 1 to 7 percentage points of GDP below potential, with five of the eight countries in the region experiencing larger shortfalls than the EMDE average [3][11] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - South Asia's fiscal challenges stem from low revenues and high debt burdens, with governments spending a disproportionate amount on interest payments [8][9] 2. Features of South Asian Revenue Collection - **Low Tax Revenues**: South Asia has the lowest tax revenues among EMDE regions, with all countries except Maldives falling short of the EMDE average [19] - **Tax Buoyancy**: Revenue buoyancies in Bangladesh and India align with EMDE averages, while Pakistan's buoyancy is in the bottom quartile [20][21] - **Dependence on Indirect Taxes**: The region relies heavily on indirect taxes, limiting revenue potential and equity [22] - **High Tax Rates**: South Asian countries have above-average tax rates on consumption and trade, yet still collect lower revenues than expected [23][24] 3. Tax Revenue Shortfalls - **Methodology**: The report employs stochastic frontier analysis to estimate tax revenue shortfalls, identifying inefficiencies in revenue collection [26][30] - **Shortfall Results**: Most South Asian countries exhibit larger shortfalls in personal and corporate income tax revenues compared to EMDE averages [37] - **Direct Tax Revenue Shortfall**: Countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have significant shortfalls in direct tax revenue, exceeding EMDE averages [38][39] - **Indirect Tax Revenue Shortfall**: Consumption tax revenues have shortfalls larger than the EMDE average in several countries, indicating systemic issues [40] - **Trade Tax Shortfalls**: Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka report larger trade tax revenue shortfalls than the EMDE average [42] 4. Correlates of Revenue Shortfalls and Tax Gaps - Country characteristics such as informality, agriculture sector size, and financial development contribute to tax revenue shortfalls, accounting for up to one-third of the overall shortfalls [51][52] 5. Policy Options - **Tax Policy**: Recommendations include rationalizing exemptions, unifying tax rates, and broadening the tax base to enhance revenue collection [60][61] - **Tax Administration**: Strengthening tax administration through transparency, risk management, and timely interventions is crucial for improving revenue [71][80] - **Pollution Pricing**: Implementing pollution pricing could address both environmental and revenue challenges in South Asia [84][85]