中金公司 风光公用半月谈 摘要 • 光伏组件市场竞争格局优化，龙头企业市占率提升，CR5 市占率从 2 月的 55%升至近 65%，CR10 超过 80%，二三线企业在分布式领域竞争，行 业出清趋势未变。 • 光伏产业链下游组件和电子产品价格上涨，硅料供应量约 10 万吨，硅片 排产约 50GW，电池片和组件排产均超 55GW，产业链堵点仍在硅片环节， 需观察库存以推动产业链涨价。 • 光伏新技术关注无银化和铜电镀，聚合和帝科提出不同无银化方案，国电 投推进 HJT 加铜电镀产线产业化，通威积极推进 HJT 加铜电镀互联方案， 龙头企业或国企可能推动新技术发展。 • 玻璃价格在 13.5 至 14 元/平方米，组件端博弈激烈，涨幅受压，预计四 月有小幅上调空间。涨价原因是二线企业亏损、供给低于出货量、库存消 耗及胶基酸钠价格上涨。 • 玻璃市场长期价格预计维持在 14 至 14.5 元/平方米，待库存耗尽后，若 无进一步需求，价格将保持稳定。龙头企业已实现净利润回正，二线企业 仍亏损，面临产能调整。 Q&A 目前光伏组件市场竞争格局进一步优化，龙头企业市占率持续提升。CR5（前 五大企业）的市占率从二月份的 ...

中金公司 "对等关税"后的市场 20250407 摘要 Q&A 对等关税对全球市场的影响是什么？ 对等关税对全球市场的影响显著且复杂。首先，资产波动剧烈，情绪宣泄甚至 恐慌明显。具体来看，对等关税超预期主要体现在几个方面：一是所有贸易伙 伴不加区分地加征 10%的基线关税；二是部分贸易伙伴的关税对等，但实际加 征更多，如中国已被加征两轮 20%，理论上不应再被加征，但由于非关税贸易 壁垒和其他因素，反而被加更多。此外，还有 800 美元的小额包裹和汽车行业 的关税。这些措施使得美国整体有效税率达到近 100 年来的高点，即至少 23% • 美国有效税率因关税政策大幅提升至近百年高点，至少达 23%以上，对所 有贸易伙伴统一加征 10%基线关税，部分贸易伙伴如中国实际加征更多， 叠加小额包裹及汽车行业关税，导致市场反应剧烈。 • 市场情绪受冲击表现为避险交易，恒生科技、美股纳斯达克等估值较高股 票遭抛售，美股、美元下跌，债券和黄金上涨。流动性冲击显现，所有资 产包括避险资产下跌，美元上涨，投资者需现金应对赎回或风控减仓。 • 未来货币政策框架需关注国内流动性环境与政策空间，各国央行可能采取 措施对冲关税带来的市 ...

中金周期半月谈 - 业绩信息和关税变化对周期板块的影响 Q&A 20250406 全球关税战对油气化工行业的影响是什么？ 全球关税战对油气化工行业的影响主要体现在两个方面。首先，全球需求的不 确定性显著增加，这导致了油价的波动。自 2025 年初以来，油价一直在 75 至 85 美元之间波动，但近期由于全球需求的不确定性和 OPEC 增产计划，油价已 经跌破 70 美元，并有可能进一步下跌至 60 美元甚至更低。这种情况下，成本 压力将显著下降，为行业转折提供了条件。其次，关税战对部分化工产品的出 口产生了直接影响，例如服装、家具、箱包和鞋类等大量使用化工材料的产品 出口受到阻碍，从而影响了相关需求。 • 油价下跌至 66-70 美元区间，并可能进一步跌至 60 美元，显著降低石化行 业成本压力，为行业转折提供条件，但全球贸易紧张带来的需求不确定性 构成短期利空。 • 石化行业资本支出周期显示，2025 年资本支出预计较 2020 年下降 20%-32%， 较 2023 年下降约 20%，为行业转型奠定基础。 • 关税政策推动抛光垫领域鼎龙国产化进程，蜂窝陶瓷领域国瓷材料和奥普 环保受益，氨基酸领域梅花生物和 ...

Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive investment outlook for the semiconductor equipment industry, highlighting an overall upward trend in orders and revenue growth for key players in the sector. Core Insights - Semiconductor equipment manufacturers are experiencing an increase in orders, driven by new product developments and rising wafer processing rates, which in turn boost material demand [1][3] - The report emphasizes the competitive landscape for special materials like silicon carbide, with some product prices recovering [1] - The emergence of new suppliers in advanced packaging equipment, particularly in 2.5D, 3D, and 3.5D technologies, is noted, with domestic projects propelling certain companies to prominence [1][3] Summary by Sections North Huachuang's Revenue and R&D Investment - North Huachuang anticipates Q1 2025 revenue of 7 to 8 billion yuan, with a 30% increase in chip orders, projecting total chip orders for the year at approximately 38 billion yuan [4] - The company is actively investing in R&D across ion implantation and electroplating, planning to expand production by 3,000 to 4,000 units annually [4] North Huachuang's Acquisition of New Yao Wei - North Huachuang is set to complete the acquisition of New Yao Wei by June 2025, which is expected to add around 1 billion yuan to its consolidated revenue [5] New Source Energy's Development in Cleaning Equipment - New Source Energy reported over 2 billion yuan in revenue from chemical cleaning agents, with total revenue projected to reach around 1.2 billion yuan in 2025 [6] Wan Ye Enterprise's Progress in Ion Implantation - Wan Ye Enterprise's subsidiary, Kaisi Tong, has received approximately 54 new orders and aims to launch a prototype of its medium-energy ion implantation equipment by mid-2025 [9] Micro Company’s Latest Developments - Micro Company reported revenue of about 9.1 billion yuan in 2024, with a 30% year-on-year growth, and expects similar growth rates in 2025 [15] Trends in Storage Equipment - The storage equipment sector is expected to see significant growth, with domestic companies enhancing their competitiveness, particularly in high aspect ratio etching equipment [16] New Products from Tuo Jing Technology - Tuo Jing Technology has launched new products including advanced packaging laser glass equipment and PLD devices, with a significant increase in orders anticipated by 2025 [17] Huahai Qingke's Progress in CMP Equipment - Huahai Qingke has introduced new CMP equipment and is expected to achieve a 30% growth in revenue this year, driven by collaborations with traditional and advanced packaging companies [18] Jiangfeng Electronics' Target Markets - Jiangfeng Electronics holds about 20% of the global target market share, with strong demand driven by AI and semiconductor manufacturing expansions [19][20]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report discusses the implications of Trump's proposed "reciprocal tariffs" which are expected to significantly increase the effective tariff rate in the U.S. from 2.4% to a range of 16.3% under the baseline scenario, with potential increases up to 20.2% in extreme cases [1][11] - The focus of the tariffs is likely to be on the top 15 economies contributing to the U.S. trade deficit, which accounted for 86% of U.S. goods imports in 2024 [2][3] - The report highlights that the tariffs aim to level the playing field between the U.S. and its trading partners, particularly targeting countries with higher average tariffs and VAT rates [4][11] Summary by Sections Section 1: Scope of Tariffs - The reciprocal tariff policy emphasizes fairness, where the U.S. will match the tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods [2] - The focus will likely be on countries contributing to the U.S. trade deficit, with potential flexibility for certain nations like Mexico and Canada [3] Section 2: Tariff Rates - The report outlines three scenarios for the effective tariff rates: - Baseline scenario: effective tariff rate increases to 16.3% - Moderate scenario: increases to 13.3% - Extreme scenario: increases to 20.2% [11] - Countries like India, the EU, and Mexico are expected to be significantly impacted due to their higher existing tariff and VAT rates [4] Section 3: Exemptions - Mexico and Canada may receive exemptions due to their close trade ties with the U.S. and existing trade agreements [5][7] - The report suggests that these exemptions could be used as leverage to renegotiate trade agreements like the USMCA [5] Section 4: Economic Impact - The report estimates that under the baseline scenario, tariffs could raise PCE inflation by 1.1 percentage points and reduce U.S. GDP growth by 0.8 percentage points [8][11] - The potential increase in government revenue from tariffs is projected to be $453 billion under the baseline scenario [8]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report introduces a framework to understand Trump's ultimate goals and policy paths, termed "Great Reset," focusing on addressing the significant wealth gap and high government debt pressure since World War II [2] - It is anticipated that Trump will attempt to reset the capital structure, aiming for a shift from financial capital to industrial capital, promoting re-industrialization and reducing wealth disparity [2][3] - The report suggests that without significant productivity improvements, the policy paths may lead to global capital rebalancing, inflationary pressures, dollar depreciation, and financial repression [3] Summary by Sections Great Reset: Why, What, and How - The report discusses the need for a reset due to the extreme wealth disparity and the shift in fiscal philosophy regarding debt sustainability in the U.S. [13] Wealth Disparity and Capital Structure Reset - Since the Reagan administration, the U.S. has seen a shift from industrial to financial capital, leading to a decline in labor income share and an increase in wealth inequality [14][16] - The report highlights that the wealthiest 1% of American households hold a significant portion of their assets in the stock market, while the bottom 50% have minimal stock market exposure [19][20] Debt Pressure and Debt Burden Reset - The report notes that U.S. government debt held by the public is approaching 100% of GDP, with projections indicating it could rise to 117% in the next decade [28] - It emphasizes that the government will likely need to address debt through inflation and potential administrative measures to lower interest rates [47] Asset Implications of the Great Reset - The report indicates that the reset will lead to a rebalancing of global capital between the U.S. and non-U.S. assets, inflationary pressures, dollar depreciation, and financial repression [48] - It suggests that the depreciation of the dollar may manifest more significantly against a basket of physical assets, including commodities and strategic resources [48] - The report anticipates a long-term decline in U.S. stock valuations, with a shift favoring value stocks over growth stocks, particularly in sectors representing industrial capital [52]

Investment Rating - The report suggests a cautious approach towards traditional strong assets like US stocks and bonds, while highlighting opportunities in safe-haven assets such as gold and Chinese government bonds [2][8][20]. Core Insights - The global economy and financial markets are experiencing significant volatility in 2025, driven by trade tensions and geopolitical uncertainties, leading to a favorable outlook for safe-haven assets [2][8]. - The US stock market, which had previously outperformed, is now facing high valuations and increased policy uncertainty, prompting investors to reassess risk preferences [3][6][9]. - The report indicates a rising probability of a US economic recession, exceeding 50%, due to factors such as stagflation risks and high inflation [10][11][16]. - China's economic competitiveness in technology and manufacturing is improving, but the real estate market remains weak, impacting overall economic growth [30][31][35]. Summary by Sections Global Economic Outlook - The report emphasizes that global trade tensions are suppressing economic growth, with expectations of a downward trend in global interest rates as central banks respond to these challenges [2][23]. - The US economy is under pressure from high inflation, high interest rates, and rising wages, which could lead to reduced corporate profitability and economic cooling [16][17]. US Market Analysis - The US stock market's high valuations and policy uncertainties are leading to adjustments, with investors shifting focus to European and Asian markets [3][9]. - The report highlights the need for investors to diversify their strategies, moving away from a simplistic buy-and-hold approach in US equities [9][19]. Chinese Economic Dynamics - The report notes that while China's technology and manufacturing sectors are gaining strength, the overall economic contribution from new industries remains low, with traditional sectors still dominating [30][34]. - The real estate market's ongoing weakness, particularly in new construction, is expected to have a prolonged negative impact on China's economic growth [31][33]. Investment Strategies - The report advocates for a diversified investment strategy that includes safe-haven assets and defensive sectors, as traditional strong assets face headwinds [8][9][20]. - It suggests that the issuance of special government bonds in China is aimed at stimulating consumption, particularly in durable goods, but warns of potential dependency on such policies [37][39]. Interest Rate and Debt Market - The report indicates that US debt yields are expected to decline as the Federal Reserve may need to lower rates in response to economic cooling [19][20]. - It also highlights the importance of managing the balance between fiscal expansion and maintaining economic stability, particularly in light of rising government debt levels [13][14][18].

Investment Rating - The report indicates a bullish outlook for the bond market in 2025, suggesting potential opportunities similar to those observed in 2023 [2][9]. Core Insights - The bond market in 2025 is expected to experience fluctuations but is not anticipated to end the bull market, with a focus on monetary policy changes and external demand [5][9]. - The economic narrative of "East Rising, West Falling" is highlighted as a key driver for both 2023 and 2025, emphasizing the need to monitor differences in external demand, domestic consumption, inflation, and financing needs [3][9]. - The report discusses the impact of the real estate market, noting a divergence between second-hand and first-hand housing transactions, with second-hand sales benefiting from policy support and improved demand [12][14]. - The report emphasizes the importance of government fiscal policy in supporting the economy, particularly in the context of rising debt levels and the need for effective consumption stimulation measures [28][29]. Summary by Sections Bond Market Outlook - The bond market is expected to continue its bullish trend, driven by factors such as declining interest rates and the ongoing economic recovery [16][41]. - The report suggests that the bond market's performance is closely linked to the real estate sector's health, with new construction activity declining significantly [13][14]. Economic Conditions - The report highlights the challenges posed by external factors, including U.S.-China trade tensions and a weakening U.S. economy, which are expected to exert pressure on China's exports [19][20]. - Domestic consumption is also under scrutiny, with rising savings rates and declining consumer confidence impacting overall demand [21][23]. Real Estate Market - The real estate market is characterized by a split performance, with second-hand homes seeing better sales compared to new properties, driven by improvement needs and policy support [12][15]. - The report notes that the decline in new construction activity is a leading indicator that may further depress real estate investment [14]. Fiscal Policy and Monetary Conditions - The report underscores the significance of fiscal policy in the current economic landscape, particularly in light of rising debt levels and the need for effective measures to stimulate consumption [28][29]. - It also discusses the necessity for monetary policy adjustments, particularly in lowering short-term interest rates to alleviate current market distortions [40].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of reducing positions during market peaks to avoid potential losses, as demonstrated by the case of the E Fund Anxin Return Fund in 2015 [2][4] - It highlights that absolute return products are not suitable for investors who frequently monitor net value fluctuations, advocating for a long-term investment perspective [5][6] - The report suggests that the recent adjustments in the bond market, driven by rising interest rates, have led to a decline in convertible bond valuations, necessitating cautious bottom-fishing strategies [9][11] Summary by Sections Market Strategy - In 2015, the E Fund Anxin Return Fund effectively reduced its position during the bull market, which helped mitigate losses during subsequent market corrections [2][4] - Investors should maintain a calm demeanor and provide clear communication regarding position adjustments, using historical data to build trust with clients [6] Fund Performance - In 2015, structured funds exhibited strong performance, particularly at market peaks, although they ultimately faced liquidation [7] - The key to success during this period was maintaining product consistency, with absolute return products reducing positions at high valuations [7] Market Indicators - A significant drop below the 20-day moving average is identified as a signal for potential market downturns, serving as a stop-loss indicator [8] - The report notes that the current market conditions suggest a need to lower positions to around 30% and focus on stocks with high value [10] Future Market Expectations - The report anticipates that the adjustment process in the convertible bond market will continue for about a month, with valuation compression potentially exceeding expectations [11]

Investment Rating - The report indicates a mixed investment outlook for the global consumer market, with strong resilience in high and middle-income consumer categories, while low-income consumers face weakened purchasing power [1][2]. Core Insights - The global consumer market shows significant differentiation, with high and middle-income categories demonstrating strong demand resilience, while low-income consumers are struggling [1][2]. - Essential consumer goods outperformed discretionary goods in Q4, driven by high inflation impacting low-income purchasing power, leading to a preference for cost-effective products [1][3]. - The global beauty market is expected to grow at around 4% in 2025, with emerging markets outperforming developed regions [1][12]. Summary by Sections Global Consumer Market Performance - The performance of global consumer goods companies in Q4 shows significant regional disparities, with North America experiencing flat overall demand and Europe outperforming [2]. - Japan's consumption growth is driven by inflation and inbound tourism, while Southeast Asia and India remain active markets [2]. Essential vs. Discretionary Goods - Essential goods performed better than discretionary goods in Q4 due to macroeconomic uncertainties, with leading companies in various sectors likely to show more pronounced performance [3]. Sportswear and Apparel Trends - The global sportswear industry saw strong growth in outdoor sports segments, while the mass apparel market remains competitive [4]. - U.S. holiday shopping season promotions boosted sales, but a slight decline is expected in 2025 due to macro uncertainties [4]. Beauty Market Dynamics - The beauty market varies significantly across regions, with North America facing pressure in mass cosmetics, while high-end fragrances continue to grow [7]. - The Chinese beauty market is facing challenges, with a projected retail sales decline in 2024 [8]. Food and Beverage Industry Outlook - The global food and beverage industry faces challenges from low-income consumer pressures in developed markets and slowing income growth in emerging markets [10]. - North American food demand is under pressure, while beverage demand remains relatively stable [10][11]. Future Projections - The beauty industry is expected to see a 4% growth rate in 2025, with emerging markets like India and Southeast Asia becoming key performance drivers for overseas beauty companies [12]. - The food and beverage sector is likely to experience a decline in revenue expectations but maintain earnings per share (EPS) stability due to effective cost management [10].